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Indo-European Language and Society

Chapter 4. The Authority of the King

Abstract

The Greek kraínō is used of the divinity who sanctions (by a nod, kraínō being a derivative of kára ‘head’) and, by imitation of the divine authority, also of the king who gives executive sanction to a project or a proposal but without carrying it out himself. Kraínō thus appears as the specific expression for the act of authority—divine in origin and subsequently also royal and even susceptible of other extensions in given contexts—which allows a word to be realized in action.

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If we study the vocabulary of royalty in Greek, we observe that there is a unilateral relationship between the verbs and nouns relating to the concept of “ruling.” The principal verbs are derived from nouns and not vice versa. Thus basileúein is a denominative verb from the noun basileús, just as anássein is based on ánaks. It follows that by themselves these verbs add no new element to what is already known from the basic noun.

However, we have an important verb which does not appear as a derivative from a living substantive. At least from a synchronic point of view, in Homeric Greek it is a pri

Topical Encyclopedia

In the Bible, God's perspective on status is markedly different from human societal norms. The Scriptures consistently emphasize that God values humility, servitude, and righteousness over worldly status, wealth, or power. This divine viewpoint is evident throughout both the Old and New Testaments.

Old Testament Insights

The Old Testament provides numerous examples where God chooses individuals of lowly status to fulfill His purposes, underscoring that divine favor is not contingent upon human status. In 1 Samuel , when Samuel is sent to anoint a new king from Jesse's sons, God instructs him, "Do not consider his appearance or his height, for I have rejected him. The LORD does not see as man does. For man sees the outward appearance, but the LORD sees the heart" . This passage highlights that God's criteria for leadership and favor are based on the heart rather than external status.

The account of David, a shepherd boy chosen to be king, further illustrates this principle. Despite his humble beginnings, David is described as "a man after God's own heart" (1 Samuel ), demonstrating that God's choice is based on inner qualities rather than social standing

Social status and religiosity in Christian Europe

Introduction

The relationship between social status and religiosity is of major theoretical and empirical interest in the sociology of religion (and in studies of social stratification). One of the main tasks of the sociology of religion is to explore how socio-cultural factors influence religion and religiosity (without necessarily having the ambition to explain religiosity entirely away by social factors), and vice versa.

Review of the relevant literature reveals that many classical (sociologically minded) authors have written extensively about the matter. First, there are the French eighteenth-century Enlightenment materialists (e.g., Condorcet, d'Holbach, and Helvetius), who may now be almost forgotten but their basic premise was that knowledge, particularly scientific knowledge, will do away with all forms of ignorance, a category in which they included Á/ if not religion itself Á/ then the existing dominant forms of religion. For instance, d'Holbach wrote that 'the ignorant', not being able 'to render themselves a satisfactory account', are forced 'to think the ' ( 88). More explicitly, he

Social status encompasses the hierarchical position individuals or families hold within society, influencing various aspects of life, including actions, decisions, and relationships. Across different contexts, such as South Asia, Vastushastra, Vaishnavism, and more, this concept impacts the dimensions, designs of residences, religious standings, and societal roles. It also highlights the influence of factors like caste and personal behavior on one’s societal rank, which is reflected in historical and cultural narratives throughout the region.

Synonyms: Social standing, Social rank, Social position, Societal status, Social hierarchy, Prestige, Reputation, Standing, Position, Class, Dignity

In Dutch: Sociale status; In German: Sozialer Status; In Finnish: Sosiaalinen asema; In Spanish: Estatus social

The below excerpts are indicatory and do represent direct quotations or translations. It is your responsibility to fact check each reference.

BuddhismBooks

In Buddhism, social status encompasses an individual's societal rank and influence, shaped by factors like physical attractiveness, positions of authority such as the Lord High Treasurer, and personal aspirations, as illus